![]() ![]() The extrusion of filling materials beyond the radiographic apex is described as overfilling, which can occur owing to the lack of apical constriction, as a result of inflammatory apical root resorption or an incompletely formed root apex, and due to over-instrumentation because of errors in working length assessment. It is generally accepted that the filling material should be entirely confined to the root canal space. Root canal obturation is one of the most important factors contributing to the success of endodontic therapy. The electronic apex locator (EAL) is currently recognized as a valid instrument for identifying the apical constriction and determining the working length as an alternative to the radiographic method, and the same authors suggested that working length determination using an EAL may perform better than radiography. Therefore, no general consensus existed in the prior literature regarding the apical limit of the obturation: on the basis of Kuttler's anatomical studies of the cement-dentinal junction, some authors argued that instrumentation and obturation of the canals should end 0.5–2 mm before the radiographic apex, while others recommended debridement and obturation until the radiographic apex is reached. This point is subject to strong individual variability: its distance from the radiographic apex ranges from 0 to 3 mm and can be altered by inflammatory processes. The ideal root canal obturation should provide filling material that reaches the cemento-dentinal junction. Finally, a proper coronal seal preventing micro-leakage is essential to obtain long-term clinical success. Successful endodontic therapy therefore relies on adequate mechanical shaping, a copious and effective irrigation protocol, and 3-dimensional (3D) obturation of the root canal system. The main aim of root canal treatment is eradication of the endodontic microbial biofilm, which may cause an inflammatory reaction in the periapical tissues, through disinfection and sealing of the root canal space. ![]()
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